Hard vs Soft Credit Inquiries: What Hurts Your Score

Not all credit checks are equal. Some hurt your score. Others are invisible.

Understanding the difference prevents unnecessary damage when shopping for credit.

The Quick Difference

Factor	Hard Inquiry	Soft Inquiry
Score impact	-5 to -10 points	Zero
On credit report	2 years	Only you can see
Affects score for	12 months	Never
Your permission	Required	Not required

What Triggers Hard Inquiries

Hard inquiries happen when you apply for new credit:

Credit card applications
Auto loan applications
Mortgage applications
Personal loan applications
Student loan applications (private)
Apartment rental applications (sometimes)
Cell phone contracts with financing
Utility accounts (sometimes)

What Triggers Soft Inquiries

Soft inquiries are informational only:

Checking your own credit — Credit Karma, bank apps, AnnualCreditReport.com
Pre-approval offers — "You're pre-approved!" mailers
Background checks — Employment screening
Account reviews — Existing creditors checking your file
Pre-qualification tools — "See if you qualify" without applying
Insurance quotes — Usually soft (verify before applying)

💡 Key Insight

Checking your own credit never hurts your score. Check as often as you want through free services like Credit Karma, Experian, or your bank's app.

The Rate Shopping Exception

Here's good news: FICO treats multiple inquiries for the same loan type as one inquiry — if they happen within a short window.

This applies to:

Mortgages: 45-day window
Auto loans: 14-45 days (depends on FICO version)
Student loans: 45-day window

Example: You apply to 5 different auto lenders in 2 weeks. All 5 hard inquiries count as 1 for scoring purposes.

⚠️ Exception: Credit Cards

Credit card applications don't get rate shopping protection. Each credit card application is a separate hard inquiry. Don't apply for multiple cards at once.

How Much Do Hard Inquiries Actually Hurt?

Less than you might think:

One inquiry: 5-10 points typically
Impact duration: Affects score for 12 months
Stays on report: 2 years (but only scores for 12 months)
Overall weight: Only 10% of FICO score

For most people with established credit, a single hard inquiry is negligible. The concern is multiple inquiries in a short period outside of rate shopping windows.

When Inquiries Matter More

Thin credit files — Fewer accounts means each factor weighs more
Many recent inquiries — 6+ in 12 months raises red flags
Borderline approval — When you're on the edge of a cutoff score
Mortgage applications — Lenders scrutinize recent inquiries closely

Can You Remove Hard Inquiries?

Only if they're unauthorized:

Legitimate inquiry: Can't be removed early. Must wait 2 years.
Unauthorized inquiry: Dispute it. If you didn't apply for credit, the inquiry is fraudulent.

Be wary of "credit repair" companies claiming they can remove legitimate hard inquiries. That's not how it works.

Soft Pull Credit Cards

Some credit cards let you check if you're approved with only a soft inquiry:

Capital One pre-qualification — Soft pull to see offers
Discover pre-approval — Soft pull before application
American Express pre-qualified offers — Soft pull

Important: Pre-qualification is a soft pull. Actually applying is still a hard pull. Pre-approval doesn't guarantee approval.

Soft Pull Credit Limit Increases

Request credit limit increases without a hard inquiry from:

American Express (usually soft)
Capital One (usually soft)
Discover (usually soft)
Chase (hard pull)
Citi (usually hard)

Always ask "Will this be a hard inquiry?" before requesting. If the rep says yes and you don't want the pull, you can decline.

Strategic Application Timing

Minimize hard inquiry damage:

Space out credit card applications — Wait 6 months between apps
Use pre-qualification tools first — See if you're likely approved before applying
Rate shop in tight windows — All mortgage/auto inquiries within 14-45 days
Avoid applying before major loans — No new credit cards 6+ months before mortgage
Check if it's soft first — Ask the lender before any application

The Bottom Line

Hard inquiries matter, but they're not catastrophic:

One inquiry = 5-10 points, recovers in 12 months
Checking your own credit = always safe
Rate shopping for mortgages/auto = protected
Credit card applications = each one counts separately

Don't be so afraid of inquiries that you avoid credit entirely. But don't apply for 5 credit cards in a month either. Balance is key.